Radiation Protection and Safety measures
Radiation Safety
Radiation we are discussing here are high frequency electromagnetic radiations.
Examples of Electromagnetic radiations are: Light, heat, Radio waves, Infrared, ultraviolet, Xray & Gamma Rays, though light . X ray both are electromagnetic radiations. X ray is considered hazardous, as it is of very high frequency.
Radiation workers in India is protected AERB (Atomic Energy Regulatory Board)
The mission of the AERB is to ensure the use of ionizing radiation and nuclear energy in India does not cause undue risk to the health of people and the environment.
Under AERB -RSD (Radiological Safety divisions) governs the safety requirements of radiation workers.
Activities of AERB
Frames regulations and amends rules
Directs BARC(BABA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE)to implement the regulations
Publication of codes and standards
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in US
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
Units of Radiation dose measurement
The Roentgen is a unit which expresses radiation protection exposure and is based on the “ionising” effect of radiation.
“Ionisation” creates an ion pair which consists of positively charged particle and negatively charged particle.
The number of ion pairs can be measured by the amount of electric current they produce, the electric current can in turn activate a survey meter.
Units of DOSE rate:
RAD- Radiation Absorption Dose
RBE- Radiation Biological Effect
REM- Radiation Equivalent Men
RAD- Radiation absorption Dose
Grey – Gy
Radiation absorbed by a nonliving cell
100 rad = 1 Gy
Equivalent Dose
Radiation absorbed by a living cell
REM – Roentgen Equivalent Men
Sievert – Sv
100 rem= 1 Sv
Regulatory Limits for Occupational Exposure
Body cells which are active in dividing and reproducing are most vulnerable to radiation damage
For Persons under 18 year old the limits are only 10% (0.5 REMS) of the given value
Females of child bearing age are allowed to receive less mR than the radiation workers,
For Pregnant women – not more than 0.5 REMS for the total gestation period.
For a non radiation worker/Public – 0.1 REMS/year.
Effect of whole body dosage within 24 hour period
Whole body doseEffects0 to 25 REMSNo detectable Effect25 to 50 REMSSlight Temporary Blood Changes100 REMSNausea, Fatigue200 to 250 REMSFirst Death500 REMSHalf Die (median lethal dose)
RESPECT BUT DO NOT FEAR RADIATION
Radiation Detection and Measurement devices
Survey meters
Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter
Digital Electronic Dosimeter
Audible Alarm Rate Meter
Film Batches
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter
Lead Aprons
Lead Suit
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